The exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnolinguistic groups are unavailable since no systematic census has been held in Afghanistan in decades. Due to Afghanistan's multi-ethnic character, multilingualism is a common phenomenon. Pashto is the native tongue of the Pashtuns, the dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan. The Persian or Dari language functions as the nation's lingua franca and is the native tongue of several of Afghanistan's ethnic groups including the Tajiks, Hazaras and Aimaqs. Linguist Harald Haarmann believes that Afghanistan is home to more than 40 minor languages, with around 200 different dialects. Minor languages include: Ashkunu, Kamkata-viri, Vasi-vari, Tregami and Kalasha-ala, Pamiri ( Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi and Wakhi), Brahui, Arabic, and Pashai and Kyrgyz, and Punjabi. Other regional languages, such as Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi and Nuristani, are spoken by minority groups across the country. īoth Persian and Pashto are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family.
The Turkic languages Uzbek and Turkmen, as well as Balochi, Pashayi, Nuristani, and Pamiri are the third official languages in areas where the majority speaks them. Data represent the most widely spoken languages shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language. Īccording to CIA World Factbook, Dari Persian is spoken by 78% ( L1 + L2) and functions as the lingua franca, while Pashto is spoken by 35%, Uzbek 10%, English 5%, Turkmen 2%, Urdu 2%, Pashayi 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, and Balochi 1% (2021 est). Dari and Pashto are also, in a linguistic sense, "relatives", as both are Iranian languages.
Pashto is also widely spoken in the region, but the language is not multi-ethnic like Dari and is not as commonly spoken by non-Pashtuns. Dari, as a shared language between multiple ethnic groups in the country, has served as a historical Lingua Franca between different linguistic groups in the region and is the most widely understood language. However, the Dari and Pashto are two of the most prominent languages in the country, and both have official status in Afghanistan. Sign in Paktika Province with Pashto textĪfghanistan is a linguistically diverse nation, with upwards of 40 distinct languages.
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